Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Example

Examination Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Psychoanalytic hypothesis was created by Austrian specialist Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth/mid twentieth century and is firmly identified with his psychotherapeutic practice. It is a hypothesis that looks to portray the etiology of mental issue, the advancement of man and his character, and clarify human inspiration. In view of this of hypothesis, Freud built up a kind of psychotherapy. The complex shaped by the hypothesis, in light of psychotherapeutic practice and strategies he utilized, got the name of analysis. Freud envisioned the mind (or mental device) of the individual as a vitality framework: Each individual had, he stated, for a restricted sum the mystic vitality. This implies, first, that the vitality required to play out certain movement (e.g., masterful articulation) won't be accessible for different purposes (e.g., sexuality), then again, if an individual can't burn through his effort somehow or another (e.g., sexuality), the individual must do as such in another manner (e.g., creative articulation). This vitality originates from the drives (now and again inaccurately called senses). As indicated by the creator, the individual has two intrinsic, sexual and passing impulses. These two drives are against the perfect of society and thusly should be controlled through training, with the goal that the vitality produced by the drives can't be discharged straightforwardly. The individual is in this manner sexual and forceful essentially and capacity of society is to tame these regular human inclinations. The circumstance of not having the option to vent this vitality produces the individual a condition of inward strain that should be settled. Each activity of man is along these lines persuaded by epicurean hunt to vent aggregated mystic vitality. We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer People, be that as it may, don't know about this entire procedure of creating and discharging the vitality. To clarify this reality, Freud depicts three degrees of cognizance: Cognizant (Bewusste), which incorporates all marvels that at some random time can be seen by the individual cognizant way; The preconscious (Vorbewusste) alludes to wonders of which an individual doesn't know at some random time, yet can become, if the individual wishes to know them; The oblivious (Unbewusste ) alludes to wonders and substance that we don't know about, and just under exceptional conditions can turn into. (The term â€Å"subconscious† is regularly utilized equivalently, in spite of having been surrendered by Freud.) Freud was not the first to recommend that piece of the mystic life grows unwittingly. He was, in any case, the first to explore profoundly that region. As indicated by him, human wants and considerations regularly produce content that would make dread the individual, on the off chance that they were not put away in the oblivious. This well has a significant balancing out capacity of cognizant life. His exploration drove him to recommend that the obl ivious is alogical (and thusly open to inconsistencies); immortal and aespacial (i.e., content having a place with various occasions or spaces). Dreams are viewed as representative articulation of oblivious substance. At the point when you need a decent, dependable wellspring of significant information, you might need to utilize free model exploration paper on psychoanalytic hypothesis. Is it accurate to say that you are searching for a choice custom exploration paper on Psychoanalytic Theory points? Is privacy as essential to you as the high caliber of the item? Attempt our composing administration at EssayLib.com! We can offer you proficient help at moderate rates. Our accomplished PhD and Master’s journalists are prepared to consider your littlest requests. We promise you 100% genuineness of your paper and guarantee you of dead on time conveyance. Continue with the request structure: It would be ideal if you don't hesitate to visit us at EssayLib.com and become familiar with our administration!

It Was the Most Wonderful Day of My Life Essay

It was the most great day of my life! Perhaps it didn't mean a lot for others as it easily fell into place for them, however for me, it was a joy. Truly, rapture; I had totally lost expectation until Dr Hurree came in my life as a beam of light, edifying my life and evacuating all the murkiness which made me sob my heart out regular. I am ready to consider! This almost no reality made me move a dance of bliss even on the emergency clinic cot. All gratitude to Dr Hurree, I had the option to become mother in the wake of ten difficult long stretches of marriage. This very actuality filled my ears with sweet cries of children. I went frantic of satisfaction. Also, my significant other, he was the second generally glad. After a few tests directed by the specialist, we had found that I was unable to get eager. As my significant other was the main child of his parent, my relative used to insult me as I was unable to acquire a beneficiary their family, I needed to beat these foul and harming insults until today. Today no one could disclose to me anything. A few months after the fact, I was sustaining a kid in me. Being so upbeat, I overlooked the agreement I marked before working; I didn't reserve the option to take over one months of occasions with the exception of crises. I severely required occasions, however for that I needed to follow through on the cost of losing my employment, my profession, and my hard-works. As consistently , my better half upheld me to choose what satisfied me. Be that as it may, then again, my parents in law coaxed me to leave. So imagine a scenario in which I lose my employment, at any rate I could bring to world my image of adoration for my significant other and I. I would forfeit my vocation , and my long stretches of instruction to take great consideration of my kid. Thus, I surrendered. During the most recent three months of pregnancy, I remained at home, complying with my relative. She currently conversed with me with undoubted love and delicate quality ans I was dealt with like a little girl of this house. My significant other, a blessed messenger now and then remained at home and cook my preferred dishes. I was truly spoiled. He regarded me as a princess. Every one of my wants and wishes were satisfied and I was in a condition of satisfaction each and every second. One morning as I slipped the stairway subsequent to waving farewell to my significant other who was going to work, an idea entered my thoughts. I thought of his giggling when he said that I resemble an immense pumpkin. I recalled my first reactions from my youngster. In any case, I didn't understand that the servant wiped the floor and it was tricky. Wandering off in fantasy land, I missed one stage and this was the end. I passed out. I opened my eyes in the medical clinic, and I realized what had occurred. I could no longer feel the pushing vibes of my infant and I shouted insanely. Presently, my framework had quieted down and I sobbed quietly. It was all my deficiency. My significant other was on his way. He knew about the unnatural birth cycle. What was he experiencing? As I set down on the clinic cot, I viewed the TV to redirect my consideration. I viewed the news. There was a mishap not a long way from here. The casualty kicked the bucket on spot. As the camera concentrated on the victim’s face, I solidified; it was my better half! I had lost my profession, my infant and now my adoration! I felt desolate and crushed; I was only a weight to this world!

15 New Releases Coming in 2016 Non-fiction Edition

15 New Releases Coming in 2016 Non-fiction Edition I do not think I am alone when I say, HOLY CATS! 2015 has been the best year ever for books! Seriously, there were SO many incredible releases. And ready for more good news? 2016 is shaping up to be just as awesome! Here are 15 nonfiction books coming out in 2016 that you should know about. And check out the fiction and young peoples (coming tomorrow!) selections, too. (I had such a hard time narrowing it down to 15, so I made more posts!) These are but a few of the amazing titles being released. Tell us what other 2016 books youre looking forward to next year! Shame and Wonder: Essays by David Searcy (Jan. 5) I read a weird novel by Searcy many years ago that still pops up in my brain now and again, and this book of essays on a wide range of subjects is just as interesting and compelling. Poor Your Soul by Mira Ptacin (Jan. 12) Ptacins heartbreaking memoir about finding hope and strength after the loss of her baby, coupled with the story of her mothers own loss of a child. Ptacin writes beautifully about both. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi (Jan. 12) This amazing, heart-wrenching story of neurosurgeon Kalanthis struggle with stage IV lung cancer is an absorbing look at what it is like to be a doctor on the other side of a diagnosis. The Narrow Door: A Memoir of Friendship by Paul Lisicky (Jan. 19) Lisicky ruminates on  two long-term relationships, one with a woman novelist, the other with his ex-husband, and how they affected him as the world seemed to offer up one disaster after another. The Good Death: An Exploration of Dying in America by Ann Neumann (Feb. 16) After caring for her father in his last days, Neumann was haunted by the question: Did her father die a good death? She sought answers to what constitutes a good death, and if such a thing even exists. Fascinating. Apostle: Travels Among the Tombs of the Twelve by Tom Bissell (March 1) The widely acclaimed author of The Magic Hours and Extra Lives, Bissell traveled to holy sites all over the world to learn more about who the apostles really were, their relationship to Jesus, and their contemporary portrayals. Until We Are Free: My Fight for Human Rights in Iran by Shirin Ebadi (March 8) The first Muslim woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, Ebadis powerful book details  her work as a human rights lawyer defending women and children against a brutal regime in Iran. The Abundance: Narrative Essays Old and New by Annie Dillard (March 15) Make way for the queen: Dillard herself has curated this collection of essays old and new, some rarely seen. If youve never read her, go  get An American Childhood immediately. Ill wait here. Lust Wonder by Augusten Burroughs (March 29) The hilarious Running with Scissors author is back with his possibly most personal memoir yet (and thats saying something.) Lust Wonder tackles love and lust, the difference between them, and what it means to experience them. Kill ‘Em and Leave: Searching for the Real James Brown by James McBride (April 5) McBride returns to nonfiction with this insightful look into musician James Brown, and the influences he had over American music, using Browns fame as a way to examine racial tensions in America. True Crimes: A Family Album by Kathryn Harrison (April 5) Harrison, possibly best know for her memoir The Kiss, has collected ten years of essays on family, from marriage and love to illness and loss. She makes sharp observations, and all of the essays are superb. Everything is Teeth by Evie Wyld (May 10) Wyld, author of the amazing novel All the Birds, Singing, returns with a graphic memoir about her childhood in New South Wales, told through her love and fascination with sharks. The Hour of Land: A Personal Topography of Americas National Parks by Terry Tempest Williams (June 7) The wonderful, wonderful Tempest Williams has written twelve beautiful essays about national parks and how we our personal stories are shaped by a sense of place, and what the parks mean to us. Patient H.M.: A Familys Secrets, the Ruthless Pursuit of Knowledge, and the Brain That Changed Everything  by Luke Dittrich (August 9) In the tradition of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Patient H.M. is the true story of a 27-year-old man whose short-term memory lasted only thirty seconds, and how he became one of the most important research subjects in history. Ghostland by Colin Dickey (Fall) Okay, this one doesnt have a release date yet, but Im so excited for it! Im a huge fan of his previous books, and of books about ghosts, so I am SO  here for this. Dickey describes the book as a cultural history of America through its haunted houses, hotels, graveyards and other places. YES PLEASE.

Circulatory System Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

A Farewell To Arms Essays - 505 Words

Ernest Hemingway’s classic novel, A Farewell to Arms, is one of the greatest love and war stories of all time. The success and authenticity of this tale is a direct result of Hemingway’s World War I involvement. The main character, Frederick Henry, encounters many of the same things as did Hemingway and creates a parallel between the author and character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, July21, 1899. He was a very handsome, athletic, adventurous young man. When the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, Hemingway tried to enlist in the army. He was rejected due to an eye injury that he sustained during his high school football career. Hemingway’s bold, daring, personality†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingway’s World War I experience varies only slightly from that of Frederick Henry. One night while stationed in Fossalta, Hemingway rode his bicycle, while dodging the Austrian’s crossfire, to bring chocolate and cigarettes to his friends in a nearby trench. Soon after he arrived at the trench, the Austrian’s launched a five-gallon canister filled with scrap metal. Many of the Italians in the trench were badly injured. While trying to rescue one of the victims, a machine gun shot tore through Hemingway’s leg. He fell, but he managed to get back up, and hobble with the other man to safety. The two were taken to a shed filled with dying or already dead people. About two hours later Hemingway was, like Frederick Henry, transported to an emergency medical post in Milan for his leg wound. It was there that Hemingway fell in love with an American nurse from Washington, D.C. Her name was Sister Agnes Hannah von Kurowsky. She grew fond of young Hemingway, but was discouraged that she was thirty years old and he was only twenty. Nothing ever really became of their mutual attraction. Perhaps Hemingway tried to relive and recreate his love through Catherine and Frederick. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is obvious that Hemingway created Frederick Henry’s character and experiences from his own. Because he endured the very things he writes about the reader is captivated by his detailed, believable story. Hemingway almost â€Å"was† and created oneShow MoreRelatedFarewell to Arms1472 Words   |  6 PagesYou are all a lost generation -Gertrude Stein This quotations importance on author Earnest Hemmingway is reflected in his modern Romeo and Juliet novel entitled A Farewell to Arms. The recurring tone of the novel suggests that the only reality is the harsh truth which is anything but romantic and proves that in the end, all is futile. This generation in which Stein spoke of to Hemingway is the generation of romantic war times. This idea is symbolized in the character Catherine Barkleys visionRead MoreA Farewell to Arms1229 Words   |  5 PagesStruik English 10-01-2013 How Hemingway uses style and language to reflect the ideas and themes in A Farewell to Arms. There are plenty of novels about World War I, most of them are about the cruel life in the trenches, the physical stress and the awful numbers of deaths during the battle. As a reader you think that you have seen it all, but then this book comes along. A Farewell to Arms is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway, which presents the love story between Lieutenant Fredrick HenryRead MoreA Farewell to Arms Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesA Farewell to Arms, one of the most renowned masterpieces of Ernest Hemingway, is a detailed account of life during World War I, which depicts a gruesome and deleterious reality of a soldier by incorporating themes of impermanence and change. The author of this work tries to convey his notions about the concept of war and love. Throughout the novel, relationship between man and woman in a grim reality of war is frequently discussed. Thus, A Farewell to Arms paints Ernest Hemingway’s view of loveRead MoreA Farewell To Arms Analysis1066 Words   |   5 PagesA Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, tells a love story between Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley during World War I. In â€Å"A Powerful Beacon†: Love Illuminating Human Attachment in Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, Joel Armstrong discusses the impact love plays in the novel and the debate many critics have over what sort of love story A Farewell to Arms really is (Armstrong 1). Randall S. Wilhelm mentions Henry’s effort in badly concealing his attempt to suppress his lack of love for Barkley aboutRead MoreCinematography of A Farewell to Arms593 Words   |  2 Pagesfeeling. A good movie must have all these certain aspects. In the award winning film A Farewell to Arms all this aspects are used to there peak not only by its Lighting but also by its point of view shots and montages they make you feel as if you know what the character is feeling and what they are about to do. All these things have to be thought about while watching or even making a m ovie. A Farewell to Arms is a love story between an ambulance driver and a nurse who will stop at nothing to beRead MoreAnalysis Of A Farewell To Arms1720 Words   |  7 Pages In the story, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms’, by Ernst Hemmingway, it is about an American in the early 1900’s during the first World War. The setting takes place in Europe, and the location includes countries from Italy to Switzerland. The purpose of this story is to show the negative impacts of war and how it affects people and the problems it causes in the world. Most people are against armed conflict because war generally brings little good to the countries that partake in the war. In the end, the costRead More Farewell to Arms Essay540 Words   |  3 PagesFarewell to Arms Death is often represented by traditional symbols ranging from the color black to the common tombstone. Besides these icons, other signs can stand for mortality including rain. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway associates rain with death many times. Although rain is not usually considered a symbol of death, the main character Fredric Henry discovers this natural occurrence is a personal theme he relates with death. The first time Hemingway uses the connection betweenRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms Assessment1649 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms Assessment I believe Hemingway had been foreshadowing the novel’s outcome after the statement, â€Å"we did not do the things we wanted to do; we never did such things† had been expressed. This relates to the events later in the story when Henry has to decide whether or not he should stay in the army and when Catherine Barkley had passed away. When Henry had first started out in the army, he had full intentions of seeing the war all the way through but as it continued and seemedRead MoreAnalysis Of A Farewell To Arms1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"offensive views† on the outlook of life and the inappropriateness of its content. â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† is a great informational book; however, the book contains many points that are offensive to readers and it partakes inappropriate content. Therefore, some of the major reasons â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† should be banned is because of the abuse of alcohol, its view of the war and the sexual content in it. The book â€Å"A Farewell to Arms takes place during World War I. The book is about Henry, a young English manRead More A Farewell To Arms Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway is based largely on Hemingways own personal experiences. The main character of the book, Frederic Henry experiences many of the same situations that Hemingway experienced. Some of these experiences are exactly the same, while some are less similar, and some events have a completely different outcome. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Farewell to Arms is the book of Frederic Henry, an American driving an ambulance for the Italian Army during World War I. The

Famous Artworks at the Museum of Fine Arts of St. Pete Free Essays

I’ve decided to focus on the great artworks that are display at the Museum of Fine Arts of St. Pete on September 8, 2018. Walking through the galleries, and observing each piece, deciding which to focus my attention, I realized that each piece had its own unique and distinguish forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Famous Artworks at the Museum of Fine Arts of St. Pete or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was perfectly organized from corner to corner, each with single piece to a set of collection. Yet, I never really understood where and why these pieces of work was so important. But once I became familiarized with its historical features, I was fascinated. The exhibit did seem to have a particular theme, it was concentrated particularly on the Ancient Roman Greeks. There were a few potteries from the Roman-Greeks Imperial era, while the rest were focus on the Roman-Greeks sculpture of goddesses. The moment I went inside the room, I was enchanted. It took me to a part of time, in where woman in the ancient Greeks era had culturized there civilization and become known more as women, then simple model of sculpture for Greeks. I tried to imagine what these women were like, how phenomenon they were to the subject of art, particularly sculptures. I was very impressed with a particular Greeks sculpture in the Bishop-Randall Gallery. I realized at that moment, this is a perfect representation of what I have been looking for in the spare of many other artwork. They have named it the Head of Athena from ca. AD 120, by an unidentifiable sculptor, whose modeled after the Greek original. A larger, more elaborated helmet, perhaps of bronze, may have fitted atop the rounded upper surface, where the marble has been less finely finished, before exhibiting off to the world. Athena’s attributes were the spear, the helmet, and the Aegis (a goatskin shield). She attached the Gorgon’s head which Perseus had given her to her shield, and this turned to stone every living thing that looked at it. This piece was created during the Greco-Roman Imperial, a goddess war of claim civilization and recognized of Athena’s creators. The Ancient Word, of the Bishop-Randall Gallery is formed by a permanent collection, and throughout the entire piece of the collection, it has been placed in this particular museum for quite some time. The exact date of when it was first displayed is unknown, as well as some of the rest of the Greco-Roman pieces of artworks in this particular gallery. Art of the Ancient World was home to one of the world’s premiere encyclopedic collections of antiquities. In the perspective eye, the way the facial volume of the cheek is flat, was interesting as it would have been different from a real human being. But it’s biomorphic shape is entity to one of a human body, more so of the head. Looking closely, the white marble form does not stand out entirely from the background, like many other piece of sculptural heads. This object contains a lucrative measurable volume behind and in front of the cheekbones, contrasting other replicas of the goddesses. The Ancient World focuses its pieces of work to the legendary Greeks Imperial, sharing its creation with the Romans, as a symbol of tranquility between the two, a pact of claiming its origin was issued for and against their own civilization. As I walked into the abstracting levels of the gallery, I noticed the well cared and careful dedication that this place had for the artworks, almost all the sculptures were cased by cubical glass. The lightning of the small quadrant were soft, not bright like most places, and not dark enough that will obscure its visitors from decrying at all the details of a fine work. In most cases, the brightness of a room will complement the color of the artwork. The Head of Athena is shallow white, but not enough to reflect the bright light of the room, and besides that, what made the artwork stand, is the covering of the windows. In that section, there are flat curtains that blocked the sunlight from penetrating inside. Besides museums purposes, I think it balances the illumination of the sculpture itself. This can be view as a way to understand the work more. Because the greater the amount of light reflected, the lighter the surface and the artistic work it will be. This exhibit contained some of the most interesting and important pieces of the Greeks and Roman work, in which was made out of mostly bronze and marble. The glass cases that contained the bronze work, including heads of the famous goddesses or empress, set the stage for the sequence of marbles that follow. I noticed how each of the Greeks goddesses had marbles around its surface and deeply imprinted within the clay of the sculpture. These marvelous goddesses are the representational approach of Classical artists and to the human form. The statues in the gallery embody the idealized beauty for which Greeks and Roman art is known. This piece of artwork could be well defined as an Expressionistic type of art. Just as the many types of creation of the sculpture of David, over the centuries, we have seen many creations and myths of it’s origin. I think the Head of Athena is the continuation of many deceptions for sculptors and public followers in Greece, as well as Rome, who subsides with their knowledge, that in fact this piece of artwork was part of their territory. Because, who knows if this is truth. The depiction of the marble brings me such curiosity, the clay that was used as a plate of protection of the whole facial of the work. Certainly, the sculptor knew where the circular of the cheeks began, and the way crown of the head was formulated. But when I looked at it through an angle, the shape changed to appear a cubicle, then, when I stood in front of it, one can see that there is nothing cubicle about it. The artist seem to create an illusion with all the mold and perfected it to its purpose, to look exactly as the actual persephone Greeks goddess in the A.D century. The visual elements hold sway this work by the set to use in facial composition. In the classical style, the shape configures to one of a human face. Positive shape of this work, for example, reminds me of a marble foyer, from the ancient Greeks of Alexander the Great. What impresses me is the invisible line that blends between the crown of the head in this particular sculpture. From the naked eye, it is undetectable, but when you take your time to observe every inch and each detail, you can see the line that guides the tilt of the crown. This feature tells me of the great power and influence a goddess, because the position of the chin; such like Athena obtain during an imperial time. As if the ruler of the Greeks were women like her, and not worriers like man, who sought themselves of the greatest. Athena is proclaimed as a historical piece of art, representational of the Roman-Greco period, she is identified as the goddess of wisdom, war, and craft. She is to belief to be the patron of Athens. The Greco-Roman world, at the start of the 1st century CE, was polytheistic. People believed in a large variety of gods and goddesses, and they worshipped at various levels. Polytheistic religions, have many rights intended to accomplish this. Based on this, this type religious goal became known as propitiation and it is what makes Greco-Roman different from the currently-dominant religions. While many Greco-Roman worship practices, whose power existed on a cosmic scale, in their minds the world was full of many types of lesser spirits. Although in the sense, the word propitiation did not exist in ancient times, most people had a some deities which they connected with their own nation. In the minds of Romans alone, they were connected with those intimately, and were part of the workings of the world. In conclusion, I chose this particular exhibit and artwork, because it intrigued me to learn about what held the Romans and the Greeks together for so long, before they separated. In the past, I have learned bits of their histories at school, but nothing comparative, as fighting for pieces of art works. When I went to the museum, at first I thought they are simple pieces of portraits, sculptures; but then, I was relentless to learn more of everything that had to do with the era of the Greeks. I became astonished at the classical overtones, and what represented the greatest pieces of all time history, during the reign of the Roman-Greco era. This exhibit was a passive time that I enjoyed, because I was well informed and truly learned. Though it was my first time going to a museum, I was surprised at how quick I was able to find what I was looking for. And it felt like an adventure to asks questions and read the historical biographies of each piece of artwork. I had to ask permission to be able to take a few pictures, and was thankful that they allowed me, it helped me understand it a bit more. I felt that I now have a better understanding of the cultural significance of both sides of the Roman and the Greeks, and what important it was for them to create masterpieces, such like the Head of Athena, which I learned so much. It made me think of what was to live in that pivotal moment, where they discover simple creations and transformed it to the greatest creations of all time. And after this experience, I would love to revisit it more often, and continue to learn more, besides the Romans and the Greeks. Because arts such as these, are more than a rock to look at, but to actually learn from them is to obtain some type of common knowledge. How to cite Famous Artworks at the Museum of Fine Arts of St. Pete, Papers

Kunta Kinte free essay sample

In 1519 the first slave ship from Africa to Puerco Rice in American continent is thought to be moving. The beginning of the slave trade there were not a link between the slave trade and racism. However, with the increase of African slaves, slavery and the negro were used in the same sense in the West. European Christians, did not accept other Europeans (whites) to be slaves. However, they did not have any objections for the slavery of black Africans, so the new target was Africa continent. [3] Africa, before the opened Europeans intense effect, was one of the worlds most stagnant societies in terms of social mobility.Everyone was swapping each other who was not using the overproduction. Land was one of the most important elements of production, but there was no private ownership of land. They was using land according to his needs, but they had to protect this land. We will write a custom essay sample on Kunta Kinte or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The city of Granddad fell in 1492. Other Muslim homeland in North Africa also entered a dangerous period. Africans began to live a disaster in desperation across the Spanish expansionism. All the important port cities was falling one by one and people who save lives was running away, could not run away people being captured or killed.Slavery was started first in 1444 and continue until middle of 19. Century. The slave trade began to flourish in, the rulers have increased their incomes by taking goods with changing slavers. Some of Rupees largest banks and insurance companies have achieved the first capital with the slave trade. North Americas wealth cause is slave labor. Liverpool, Bristol and all the wealth of cities like Glasgow are debtors slave and colonial goods their richness. An important part of the ships carrying slaves, was registered in the Port of Liverpool.Countries which see Africa as a resource of a slave, now they began to see the raw material source and market. But for this, they needed workforce in Africa. [4] This new trade has created a degree of economic mobility in Africa. The black people who catches counterpart were began to occur as mid-class people. A terrible impact for the Dark Continent this new trade, aside the drama of millions of people plucked from their families and their homeland, selecting the most strong of people and taken them taken as slaves, deprivation of manpower in Africa.The slave candidates passed health checks and sold. According to the Aloud Quinoas book; around 12 million Africans moved to the New World during this period. This forced migration is accepted as the largest migration in human history. According to Senegal prime ministers Shoeing 20 million slaves goes to America in this term. But when they captured a slave, they killed 9 slaves in ship granary and during the capture time. Therefore total number is about 200 million. They tried to draw carrying maximum slaves ships and recorded. After they made ships to carry maximum slaves.The New Worlds European colonists which made Red Indian slave trade were to foreign to slave trade. Cause of war and diseases many people perished in The Caribbean islands, so African indigenous took Red Indian populations place. Also African slaves cost cheaper than the cost of Red Indian. Already at that time in South Carolina and Virginia, signed agreements in order to gain more cheaply African slaves. A leg of the triangular trade was exports the trade goods from Europe to Africa. The second leg of this trade was African rulers and merchants, they actively played a role in the slave trade in 1440 to 1900.African rulers supplying large quantities goods from Europeans for exchange each of the slave. In the New World, produced by the labor of slaves cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and room and such as trade goods transportation to Europe from America in the third and final leg of the triangular trade. Fear of epidemic diseases and resistance of Africans, Europeans rarely went into the interior of Africa. Duty of local traders into the interior of Africa and choose the most healthy, high labor force, strong enough to bear the of hard ships journey. And they bring together slaves and European slave traders in Atlantic coast. The slaves who exposed to unhealthy conditions on the ship during the journey, forced to dance on the deck of the ship by the slave traders. Some slaves committed suicide by jumping from the ship into the sea. There were eight major regions where purchasing and shipping slaves by Europeans in Africa. Three of these are Democratic Republic of Congo in Central Africa, Gabon and Angola in the West. Such as Portugal; Spain, France, England, Scotland, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands made slave trade.Over time, England has become the leader in the slave trade thanks to powerful ships. CO] This shopping called triangular trade done between, Africa, Europe and America. Slaves changed with the the mirror, fabric, and alcohol. First they stamped with a hot iron to know to whom they belong. Jean Meyer said that; slaves were naked to prevent fleas. They could not stand up or sit in ships because it was impossible. Ships granary was very narrow. Twenty percent of the slaves die during journey because the journey takes 3 to 6 weeks. [6] Millions of slaves were taken to Europe, Asia and other parts of the world.The terrible human cost, numerous death during transport, enslavement of lions, pathetic lives of the descendants of slaves, impact has been very deep. Young who can be future leader of society have been enslaved or destroyed. Africa divided within itself and endless conflicts were occurred. Millions of labor forces could not work for African welfare. There was a genocide against the whole continent. African people Were very poor in comparison to other parts of the world. Slaves provided growth the economy of most American colonies. Their knowledge of agro and efforts led to the development of the British agricultural industry.As a result of the slave read, African people scattered all over the world. Occurred African Diaspora. Finally, African culture, music, art, religion, dining and kitchen spread to the western world. [7] Alex Haley described this grave situation with all of the realities in his book that name Roots. Because he was grandchild from the 5th hub of a family living in that event deeply. Harley firstly talks about Africans culture and life in this book. When the African boys were fifteen they taken by their own families and bring soldier camps, they teaching how to hunting here by leader, and their circumcised done here together.Alex focused Bantam Kinkiest child Junta Kent in his book. Junta Kent was born in 1750. Junta Kent Kidnapped by Europeans when just 17 years old in 1767. And he brought to Europe by ship that produced specifically for the slave trade. With Junta Kent 97 slaves brought together and all of them sold. Junta Kent was sold for S 155 to a man named John Reynolds in Maryland. Junta Kent worked as a slave For many years. Another slave of the owner wanted to put the new name, but Junta Kent did not accept. The new name was Toby which did not accept by Junta Kent.Junta tried to escape several times, but ACH time he caught and flogged by Europeans. One of his escapes was successful for two days. After these two days he caught and punished by Europeans. This punishment was very mercilessly because Europeans thought two punishments. They wanted to cut his leg or male organ, so they cut Kinkiest leg to not escape. Junta did not attempt to escape one more time. He married with a slave like him. His wife gave a girl baby. Their girls name was Jazzy. Jazzy was sold as a slave, when she was 17 years old. [8] Being a slave is can not decision to live how and where.You do not have any opportunities and your average life expectancy only 22-28 years. African slaves and slaves who born in slavery center worked in sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton and tobacco plantations. They worked in very hard conditions, under around 40 degrees. They worked 18 hours in a day, but all of the slaves were not willing to their fate. Especially in Surname slaves tried to get rid of escaping from slavery. They settled into the forest near to indigenous people and they set up their society. The fugitive slaves called Maroon or Forest Negroes. On the other hand, large and small slave revolts broke out in the oiled and cities.Many slaves freedom initiative paid with their lives. [J At the end of the eighteenth century, the opposition and resentment against the slave trade began to increase. Slave trade was banned in 1814 with British pressure. But in the Netherlands, one of the countries which adopted this ban the latest in Europe, but allowed the freedom of slaves in July 1, 1863. The slavery was prohibited certainly in 10 April 1865 . The slaves who heard prohibition of slavery were began to rejoice, danced, but there was a very important point; their dance figure Were Europeans figures. Their culture was stroked.They set up their own villages. White Europeans could not find workers to operate in the fields, so they began to burn and destroy slaves villages. But this bad situation continued for several years not many years. [10] October of each year known as Remembering the history of blacks Months in England. In this month, black leaders like Malcolm X and Martin Luther Kings speeches listening in libraries, museums and local municipalities. Documentaries about the history of blacks and movies shows in television ,so the British bourgeoisie apologized cause of the tortures of the Africans for 00 years.Commemorations doing to confess. Denmark were very active in slave trade, but they was the first county to ban slave trade legally in 1792. England banned the slave trade After Denmark. After England banned the slave trade legally banned by America in 1808. During The Anti Racism World Conference African countries wanted to apologize which made the slave trade countries in Durban, South Africa 2001. Some countries of the European Union was ready to apologize, but especially England, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, and Ignited States of America opposed to apologize.

Comparision of the French and German Political Systems essays

Comparision of the French and German Political Systems essays France and Germany are two of the most powerful nations in Europe. At one time bitter rivals, recently these two nations have come to a time of cooperation. Both nations are members of the European Union (EU), both are proactive and modern states, with strong economies. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences of the French and German political systems. Areas to be discussed will be the branches of government that is to say the executive, legislative and judiciary levels of government. Their will also be brief discussions on the history of the development of the present states of France and Germany. The country of France is governed by a presidential republic with a centralized national government (capital Paris). The French Republic has been living under the same constitutional regime since 1958, with the introduction of the Fifth Republic as introduced by President Charles Degaulle. The constitutional amendments increased the powers of the president and decreased the control of the parliament. More on the roles of the executive branch and legislative branch in later sections. With a bicameral parliament legislature powers are divided between the National Assembly and the Senate. Frances judicial functions are controlled by the Supreme Court of Appeals (Cour de Cassation). France is divided into 22 adminstrative divisions known as regions, these regions are illustrated in the following map. The country of Germany is governed by a parliamentary republic with a centralized national government (capital Berlin). The Federal Republic of Germany has been living under their constitution known as Basic Law since October 1990, though the constitution was introduced in Western Germany in 1949 and then became the constitution of the united Germany. Like France Germany has a bicameral legislative branch, with the excusive branch represented by the President (chief of state) and the Chancellor (head of go...

High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Impeachment

High Crimes and Misdemeanors in Impeachment â€Å"High Crimes and Misdemeanors† is the rather ambiguous phrase most often cited as grounds for the impeachment of U.S. federal government officials, including the President of the United States. What are High Crimes and Misdemeanors? Background Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution provides that, â€Å"The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.† The Constitution also provides the steps of the impeachment process leading to the possible removal from office of the president, vice president, federal judges, and other federal officials. Briefly, the impeachment process is initiated in the House of Representatives and follows these steps: The House Judiciary Committee considers evidence, holds hearings, and if necessary, prepares articles of impeachment – the actual charges against the official.If a majority of the Judiciary Committee votes to approve the articles of impeachment, the full House debates and votes on them.If a simple majority of the House votes to impeach the official on any or all of the articles of impeachment, then the official must then stand trial in the Senate.If a two-thirds supermajority of the Senate votes to convict the official, the official is immediately removed from office. In addition, the Senate may also vote to forbid the official from holding any federal office in the future. While Congress has no power to impose criminal penalties, such as prison or fines, impeached and convicted officials may subsequently be tried and punished in the courts if they have committed criminal acts. The specific grounds for impeachment set by the Constitution are, â€Å"treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.† In order to be impeached and removed from office, the House and Senate must find that the official had committed at least one of these acts. What are Treason and Bribery? The crime of treason is clearly defined by the Constitution in Article 3, Section 3, Clause 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.†The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. In these two paragraphs, the Constitution empowers the United States Congress to specifically create the crime of treason. As a result, treason is prohibited by legislation passed by Congress as codified in the United States Code at 18 U.S.C.  § 2381, which states: Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined under this title but not less than $10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States. The Constitution’s requirement that a conviction for treason requires the supporting testimony of two witnesses comes from the British Treason Act 1695. Bribery is not defined in the Constitution. However, bribery has long been recognized in English and American common law as an act in which a person gives any official of the government money, gifts, or services to influence that official’s behavior in office. To date, no federal official has faced impeachment based on grounds of treason. While one federal judge was impeached and removed from the bench for advocating  in favor of succession and serving as a judge for the Confederacy during the Civil War, the impeachment was based on charges of refusing to hold court as sworn, rather than treason. Only two officials- both federal judges- have faced impeachment based on charges that specifically involved bribery or accepting gifts from litigants and both were removed from office. All of the other impeachment proceedings held against all federal officials to date have been based on charges of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† What are High Crimes and Misdemeanors? The term â€Å"high crimes† is often assumed to mean â€Å"felonies.† However, felonies are major crimes, while misdemeanors are less serious crimes. So under this interpretation, â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† would refer to any crime, which is not the case. Where Did the Term Come From? At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the framers of the Constitution viewed impeachment to be an essential part of the system of separation of powers providing each of the three branches of government ways to check the powers of the other branches. Impeachment, they reasoned, would give the legislative branch one means of checking the power of the executive branch. Many of the framers considered Congress’ power to impeach federal judges to be of great importance since they would be appointed for life. However, some of the framers opposed providing for the impeachment of executive branch officials, because the power of the president could be checked every four years by the American people through the electoral process. In the end, James Madison of Virginia convinced a majority of the delegates that being able to replace a president only once every four years did not adequately check the powers of a president who became physically unable to serve or abused the executive powers. As Madison argued, â€Å"loss of capacity, or corruption . . . might be fatal to the republic† if the president could be replaced only through an election. The delegates then considered the grounds for impeachment. A select committee of delegates recommended â€Å"treason or bribery† as the only grounds. However, George Mason of Virginia, feeling that bribery and treason were only two of the many ways a president could willfully harm the republic, proposed adding â€Å"maladministration† to the list of impeachable offenses. James Madison argued that â€Å"maladministration† was so vague that it might allow Congress to remove presidents based purely on a political or ideological bias. This, argued Madison, would violate the separation of powers by giving the legislative branch total power over the executive branch. George Mason agreed with Madison and proposed â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors against the state.† In the end, the convention reached a compromise and adopted â€Å"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors† as it appears in the Constitution today. In the Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton explained the concept of impeachment to the people, defining impeachable offenses as â€Å"those offences which proceed from the misconduct of public men, or in other words from the abuse or violation of some public trust. They are of a nature which may with peculiar propriety be denominated political, as they relate chiefly to injuries done immediately to the society itself.† According to the History, Arts, and Archives of the House of Representatives, impeachment proceedings against federal officials have been initiated more than 60 times since the Constitution was ratified in 1792. Of those, fewer than 20 have resulted in actual impeachment and only eight – all federal judges – have been convicted by the Senate and removed from office. The â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† alleged to have been  committed by the impeached judges have included using their position for financial gain, showing overt favoritism to litigants, income tax evasion, the disclosure of confidential information, unlawfully charging people with contempt of court, filing false expense reports, and habitual drunkenness. To date, only three cases of impeachment have involved presidents: Andrew  Johnson in 1868, Richard Nixon in 1974, and Bill Clinton in 1998. While none of them were convicted in the Senate and removed from office through impeachment, their cases help reveal Congress’ likely interpretation of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† Andrew Johnson As the lone U.S. Senator from a Southern state to remain loyal to the Union during the Civil War, Andrew Johnson was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln to be his vice-presidential running mate in the 1864 election. Lincoln had believed Johnson, as vice president, would help in negotiating with the South. However, shortly after taking over the presidency due to  Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, Johnson, a Democrat, ran into trouble with the Republican-dominated Congress over the Reconstruction of the South. As fast as Congress passed Reconstruction legislation, Johnson would veto it. Just as quickly, Congress would override his veto. The growing political friction came to a head when Congress, over Johnson’s veto, passed the long ago repealed Tenure of Office Act, which required the president to get the approval  of Congress to fire any executive branch appointee that had been confirmed by Congress. Never one to back down to Congress, Johnson immediately fried Republican secretary of war, Edwin Stanton. Though Stanton’s firing clearly violated the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson simply stated that the considered the act to be unconstitutional. In response, the House passed 11 articles of impeachment against Johnson as follows: Eight for violations of the Tenure of Office Act;One for using improper channels to send orders to executive branch officers;One for conspiring against Congress by publicly stating that Congress did not truly represent the Southern states; andOne for failure to enforce various provisions of the Reconstruction Acts. The Senate, however, voted on only three of the charges, finding Johnson not guilty by a single vote in each case. While the charges against Johnson are considered to have been politically motivated and not worthy of impeachment today, they serve as an example of actions that have been interpreted as â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.† Richard Nixon Shortly after Republican President Richard Nixon had easily won re-election to a second term in 1972, it was revealed that during the election, persons with ties to the Nixon campaign had broken into the Democratic Party national headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. While it was never proven that Nixon had known about or ordered the Watergate burglary, the famed Watergate tapes – voice recordings of Oval Office conversations – would confirm that Nixon had personally attempted to obstruct the Justice Department’s Watergate investigation. On the tapes, Nixon is heard suggesting paying the burglars â€Å"hush money† and ordering the FBI and CIA to influence the investigation in his favor. On July 27, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee passed three articles of impeachment charging Nixon with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress by his refusal to honor the committee’s requests to produce related documents. While never admitting having a role in either the burglary or the cover-up, Nixon resigned on August 8, 1974, before the full House voted on the articles of impeachment against him. â€Å"By taking this action,† he said in a televised address from the Oval Office, â€Å"I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.† Nixon’s vice president and successor, President Gerald Ford eventually pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office. Interestingly, the Judiciary Committee had refused to vote on a proposed article of impeachment charging Nixon with tax evasion because the members did not consider it to be an impeachable offense. The committee based its opinion of a special House staff report titled, Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment, which concluded, â€Å"Not all presidential misconduct is sufficient to constitute grounds for impeachment. . . . Because impeachment of a President is a grave step for the nation, it is predicated only upon conduct seriously incompatible with either the constitutional form and principles of our government or the proper performance of constitutional duties of the presidential office.† Bill Clinton First elected in 1992, President Bill Clinton was reelected in 1996. Scandal in Clinton’s administration began during his first term when the Justice Department appointed an independent counsel to investigate the president’s involvement in â€Å"Whitewater,† a failed land development investment deal that had taken place in Arkansas some 20 years earlier.   The Whitewater investigation blossomed to include scandals including Clinton’s questionable firing of members of the White House travel office, referred to as â€Å"Travelgate,† the misuse of confidential FBI records, and of course, Clinton’s infamous illicit affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. In 1998, a report to the House Judiciary Committee from Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr listed 11  potentially impeachable offenses, all related only to the Lewinsky scandal. The Judiciary Committee passed four articles of impeachment accusing Clinton of: Perjury in his testimony before a grand jury assembled by Starr;Providing â€Å"perjurious, false and misleading testimony† in a separate lawsuit related to the Lewinsky affair;Obstruction of justice in an attempt to â€Å"delay, impede, cover up and conceal the existence† of evidence; andAbuse and misuse of presidential powers by lying to the public, misinforming his cabinet and White House staff to gain their public support, wrongly claiming executive privilege, and refusing to respond to the committee’s questions. Legal and constitutional experts who testified at the Judiciary Committee hearing gave differing opinions of what â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† might be. Experts called by congressional Democrats testified that none of Clinton’s alleged acts amounted to â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† as envisioned by the framers of the Constitution. These experts cited Yale Law School professor Charles L. Black’s 1974 book, Impeachment: A Handbook, in which he argued that impeaching a president effectively overturns an election and thus the will of the people. As a result, Black reasoned, presidents should be impeached and removed from office only if proven guilty of â€Å"serious assaults on the integrity of the processes of government,† or for â€Å"such crimes as would so stain a president as to make his continuance in office dangerous to public order.† Black’s book cites two examples of acts that, while federal crimes, would not warrant the impeachment of a president: transporting a minor across state lines for â€Å"immoral purposes† and obstructing justice by helping a White House staff member conceal marijuana. On the other hand, experts called by congressional Republicans argued that in his acts related to the Lewinsky affair, President Clinton had violated his oath to uphold the laws and failed to faithfully carry out his duties as the government’s chief law enforcement officer. In the Senate trial, where 67 votes are required to remove an impeached official from office, only 50 Senators voted to remove Clinton on charges of obstruction of justice and only 45 Senators voted to remove him on the charge of perjury. Like Andrew Johnson a century before him, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate. Last Thoughts on ‘High Crimes and Misdemeanors’ In 1970, then-Representative Gerald Ford, who would become president after the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974, made a notable statement about the charges of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† in impeachment. After several failed attempts to convince the House to impeach a liberal Supreme Court justice, Ford stated that â€Å"an impeachable offense is whatever a majority of the House of Representatives considers it to be at a given moment in history.† Ford reasoned that â€Å"there are few fixed principles among the handful of precedents.† According to constitutional lawyers, Ford was both right and wrong. He was right in the sense that the Constitution does give the House the exclusive power to initiate impeachment. The vote of the House to issue articles of impeachment cannot be challenged in the courts. However, the Constitution does not give Congress the power to remove officials from office due to political or ideological disagreements. In order to ensure the integrity of the separation of powers, the framers of the Constitution intended that Congress should use its impeachment powers only when executive officials had committed â€Å"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors† which substantially damaged the integrity and effectiveness of government.

Profile of Adolf Hitler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Profile of Adolf Hitler - Essay Example Most people believe that Hitler was the prime instigator of the Second World War and links him with the popular German’s Holocaust that led to loss of millions of people considered inferior to Aryan beliefs (Davidson 23). Due to this historical background, the profile of Hitler is of great meaning to the generations. This essay hence provides the profile of Hitler unveiling important concerns about this controversial and popular leadership. Hitler’s Childhood Hitler was born in the year 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Australia. He was an unlawful son to Alois Hitler family. Hitler was an ever-hostile child who frequently clashed with his father, particularly after he had retired and shifted to Linz; however, he closely related with his mother. He lost his father when he was 14 and his mother at 18 (Davidson 78). Academically, he was a performer in his elementary course, but he later developed a rebellious habit that affected his performance. Notably, his aggressive behavior ma de him conflict with school managements hence he frequently shifted schools and finally left formal training at the age of 16 (Weber, 5). Indeed, he failed to accord values advocated by the formal system and opted to engage in liberal system. As such, he had inspirations of becoming a popular artist. He therefore, shifted to Vienna where he tried to enroll to Viennese Academy of Fine arts (VAFA), but failed (Nicholls 19). Dismissal of his applications gave him bad experience. He disbursed the idea of enrolling to the college and walked around the streets of Vienna selling his artistic pieces. He hence survived on orphan’s allowances and the little amount earned from his sales (Weber, 123). During her homeless period, he accumulated knowledge about the world’s politics noting the concern about Jews and socialism. Military experience By 1913, Hitler shifted to Munich to join military. However, initially he failed to secure the position in the Austrian military academy si nce he was unfit for the course. Nevertheless, emergence of the WWI offered him a chance of joining the service. Therefore, by 1914 he enrolled to the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment (BIR) and worked in force for the entire war period (Davidson 45). His tactics in the force asserted his potentials and bravery as a solder; indeed, he won â€Å"First Class† award twice. On war course, he was gravely injured twice, and towards the end, he faced a gas attack, which earned him a temporary blindness. This experience taught him of Germany’s surrender that he considered disloyal. Particularly, he passionately reprimanded Versailles Treaty and fought against it (Weber, 78). Hitler and the Idea of politics The WWI experience developed him a feeling that he was fated to save Germany. Later, while serving in the army unit, he secured a duty of monitoring a political party of idealists referred as the German Workers Party (GWP). Interestingly, instead of observing his spy duty, he enrolled to the group tactically and later rose to an influential position. In the year 1921, he secured the chair post in the party and changed its name to Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) (Weber, 130). He then developed the Swastika, which was to be the party’s symbol. Importantly, he established his private army the ‘storm troopers’ and a bodyguard to offer him security while attacking rebellious entities. Besides using his force, he tactically used his influential public speech power to lure the masses into embracing his ideologies (Weber, 12). These approaches were very successful hence enhanced his popularity considerably. By this time, many Germans granted the name Hitler attention (Nicholls 17). In 1923, he coordinated Bavarian nationalist under a

Fast Food and Natural Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast Food and Natural Food - Essay Example Sometimes processed vegetarian in packaged form is not good for well-being as they have many harmful chemical which is difficult to digest. Schlosser correctly finds that obesity rate is highest in USA than any other nation among first world. Around fifty percent of grown up Americans and about twenty five percent of American kids are in the category of either obese or overweight. This proportion has grown very rapidly in last ten years as it is almost twice the obesity rate in comparison to last part of 1970s. Steffen(2008) said in "Burgers, fries, diet soda: metabolic syndrome blue-plate special" published by American Heart Association rapid access journal report , "Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors including elevated waist circumference, high blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL or "good") cholesterol and high fasting glucose levels. The presence of three or more of the factors increases a person's risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Business Strategy in a Global Environment

Business Strategy in a Global Environment Globalization is the eminent icon of the 1990s, and in the twenty first century. Globalization is absolutely soaring and gearing up dynamically competing lifes real scenes. Globalization refers to the growth and status of trade and investment, clustered by the growth in international business fields, and the integration of economies penetrating all corners of the world. Strategy Paradoxes and Debates The term strategy anchors its definition basically sprouting from military fields and origins and has been expanded into the business world and context where several authors and researchers have spread arguments and debates on strategy concerning both quantitative and qualitative manifestations and processes. Strategy in business is coined to survival; the battleground and arena during a match, or a game. Jarvis (2005) highlights the 5Ps concept of Mintzberg observing the term strategy which primarily means plan, ploy, pattern, position, and perspective. The Coca Cola Bottling Company has all these 5 Ps in particular and all companies in general. Strategy is a ploy which basically refers to any artifice, maneuver, trick, or game to outwit and defeat a competitor or rival raising an anticipation of what we are going to do to confuse, shake, deter, prompt or deceive competitor to perform a move or not to move at all. It articulates the necessary steps to be done like creating a pattern (as a post hoc application), reflecting on the done action with its pattern consistency whether or not its planned and intended. Seeing the pattern means its an intentional strategy showing the pattern stems from the plan. But theres no managing and supervising intentionality. So there are two types of strategy distinguishing such intention; namely, deliberate strategy and emergent strategy. Strategy as a position is pushed with the idea and analogy from the military view, Ill take care of the waves whilst, you take care of the ripples referring on the emphasis of tactics. Position strategy simply stares its focus on where you are standing or sitting for you to view your horizon and whole landscape in the world of business relating to the context or internal and external situation. Such position projects the relation and status within the competitive arena and the existing co-operative interrelations matching ones organization, team, or department against others and rivals and the lobbying environmental demands. Moreover, strategy-as-position situates different and several players not just one-to-one competition. A company that exposes itself to a market cubbyhole and tight competition is trying to position itself to secure, to brace sustainable competitive advantage. Strategy as perspective refers to the group of strategy creators or makers with their whims, views, retrospection, predilections, and preferences affecting the organization. Thus, strategy is a body of ideas, insights, anticipations and imperatives spoken and aired by a group of people articulated in different types of conversations and of distinct degrees of importance wherein ideas and propositions are scattered for a collective forum which is either imposed or consensus. Global Market Models and Concepts and Analysis Managers must be conscious that markets, supplies, investors, locations, partners, and competitors can be anywhere in the world. Successful businesses will take advantage of opportunities wherever they are and will be prepared for downfalls. Evidently, successful managers, in this environment, need to understand the similarities and differences across national boundaries, in order to utilize the opportunities and deal with the potential downfalls. In developing appropriate global strategies, managers need to take the benefits and drawbacks of globalization into account. A global strategy must be in the context of events around the globe, as well as those at home. International strategy is the continuous and comprehensive management technique designed to help companies operate and compete effectively across national boundaries. While companies top managers typically develop global strategies, they rely on all levels of management in order to implement these strategies successfully. Th e methods companies use to accomplish the goals of these strategies take a host of forms. For example, some companies form partnerships with companies in other countries, others acquire companies in other countries, others still develop products, services, and marketing campaigns designed to appeal to customers in other countries. Some rudimentary aspects of international strategies mirror domestic strategies in that companies must determine what products or services to sell, where and how to sell them, where and how they will produce or provide them, and how they will compete with other companies in the industry in accordance with company goals. The development of international strategies entails attention to other details that seldom, if ever, come into play in the domestic market. These other areas of concern stem from cultural, geographic, and political differences. Consequently, while a company only has to develop a strategy taking into account known governmental regulations, o ne language (generally), and one currency in a domestic market, it must consider and plan for different levels and kinds of governmental regulation, multiple currencies, and several languages in the global market (Heil 2010). Company Strategic Decisions for Sustainable Competitive Advantage Arie de Geus (1997) spelled out that a company with needs has the key characteristics he called a living company because it is helping itself. He stressed four key traits: (1) sensitivity to the business environment which reflects the ability and capability to learn and adjust; (2) cohesion and identity or the ability to create a community with vision, personality, and purpose; (3) tolerance and decentralization or the ability to build relationships; and, (4) conservative financing. Strategic Management is a constant object of curiosity among psychologists and thinkers. On several occasions, senior managers are asked how they come up with strategic decisions. They have one pattern of making these crucial and company-light decisions. One would suppose these to be mathematical, based on rigid rules of logic or statistical treatments. But heres the catch: The managers decisions were product of informal data gathering, intuition, innovation, and oral exchanges in 2-way communications. These managers have the feel of the whole situation besetting their companies and their impulse always has an accompanying relevance. Their minds transcend logical rules that are immutable and mechanical and perhaps by age and experience, they acquired an almost instantaneous and discrimination of what is effective and practical. They give a whole new meaning to the words feeling, judgment, common sense, proportion, balance, and appropriateness. They use these terms to effect viable ac tions that would sustain their companies in the tests of domestic or external competition, recession, changing market attitudes, inflation, to mention only the majors. These street-smart guys are not much into science when they make a decision. Instead, they stay at the helm of art which is a combination of wisdom, experience, common sense, and a lot of prudence and daring. Senior managers usually see problems of their companies as big opportunities in disguise. They remain flexible in finding ways but that does not mean foolish weighing the indefinite till the situation clears or worsens. They are flexible in making solutions to give provisions for modifications, adjustments, shifts, or even u-turn without compromising company principles. They are not namby-pambies who are easily swayed by fashion. They are as hard as nails on standards of excellence. Hence, they inspire, and prod those below them to follow suit and commit to live action. They are virtuosos in motivating people and so people tick to grow the limbs of their action plans and visions. It was noted in many studies conducted in most industrialized countries that executives are investing much of their time developing a circle of relationships. Thence, they gain insights and details to be applied in forming concrete strategic decisions. They have the inclination to use mental simulations and they display some gift of seeing with their minds. Intuition is the guiding light of the day and even after office hours, they would re-run what else can be done if strategy A should need a remedy. So before any pitfall or backsliding, there reserved a fallback program to reinforce the existing. Funny as it sounds but executives can sense first what they are going to do before they can explain why. No calculations but deep in their brain cells and feeling, this is the way to salvation and promised land. The way might not be a bay of plenty but they are sure when the dusts subside the rays of their strategy would save the organization. Information may change overnight and strategic planning is complex but they know how to combat challenges with concrete interventions. With the advent of technology, senior managers are more and more relieved of the so called strategic planning. Information Technology at last has created a great divide between senior managers and operational level managers. Through sophisticated programs on the computer, any manager can already function as an independent segment albeit following the general threads of the company culture. All that top brass management would do is to inspire, delegate, assess and appraise their subjects. They provide the vision, specify the substance, and direct the institutional goals. Their managers are expected to facilitate process, action plans, and fill out forms to make way for effective documentation, work accomplishment, accounting procedures, marketing, manpower accountability and networking. Executive leaders have followers, while managers have subordinates, according to an analyst. Managers are oftentimes blamed for the bankruptcy of businesses in America in the 1970s and 80s. Leaders make decisions while managers usually execute them. Leaders are careful to choose their managers because lack of leadership down the line can antagonize the growth of the whole organization. Normally, strategic decision-making takes place on two levels: aggregate and individual. Both of these are geared towards getting attention, storing information through encoding, retrieval thereof, strategic choosing, feedback and outcome. Aggregate and individual strategies are interdependent and they harmonize with each other in all stages of the organization. While it is true that aggregate is more supreme than the individual strategy, it is the individual that feeds to the strength of the aggregate. The aggregate can only sound strong on paper but without the individual strategy which is the action level that extends to clients, customers, consumers, financiers, lenders and debtors, it can just be a lameduck-a print of strong accent without teeth or bite because there is no execution by junior vice presidents, section managers, team leaders, and the rank and file. . Johnson, Scholes and Whittington in corporate strategy present a model in which strategic alternatives and options are evaluated against three key success criteria: suitability, feasibility, and acceptability. (1) Suitability. It gears to answer security questions such as Would it work?, Does it make sense to economy?, Would the organization obtain economies of scale, economies of scope, or experience economy? Would it be suitable in terms of environment and capabilities? Ranking strategic options and decision trees are the measuring tools to evaluate suitability. (2) Feasibility. Can it be made to work?. It is concern whether the resources required to carry the strategy are available and can be obtained and developed. Its resources include funding, people, time, and information. Consequently, cash flow analysis and forecasting, break-even analysis, and resource deployment analysis are the scaling tools for it. (3) Acceptability. Would this make sense among stakeholders? Would shareholders, company employees and customers respond with the targeted product or performance outcomes? What about returns? Will it yield the projected benefits by the stakeholders in terms of dollars or other essentials (financial and non-financial)? For instance, shareholders would anticipate the growth of their capital or wealth, employees would aim for the upliftment in their careers and customers would expect added value for money. When strategy fails, the probability of risks arisesfinancial or otherwise. These risks could be shareholders going against the issuing of new shares or employees and unions picketing against outsourcing for fear of losing their jobs. Most likely too, customers would have paranoia over a merger as regards quality and support. What-if analyses are tools employed to evaluate acceptability. Global Market Models and Concept Analysis In the midst of global market tight business competition models and concepts analysis is crucial and vital. Thus, any business manager must discern and decide whats the best move or course of action to be undertaken to outwit and win the market place and patrons. Several concept analysis are designed for managers to scrutinize business status to have an equilibrium and project sustainable competitive advantage among others in the field. One of these types is SWOT Analysis. A good look at the internal and external environment is an indispensable part of strategic planning. Environmental attributes internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W),while those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). This analysis is referred to as SWOT analysis. This analysis provides insights that are keyl in matching the firms assets and capacities vis-Ã  -vis the competitive environment in which it exists. Therefore, it is crucial in strategy formulation and selection. What are strengths? The firms or companys strengths are its assets, resources and capabilities that can be utilized as the foundation for mapping out a competitive edge. Some of these are patents, reputed brand names, established repute among customers, cost advantages, exclusive access to precious natural resources and favorable access to marketing outlets. Weakness is of course the opposite of strengths like lack of patent protection, a so-so brand name, ill-repute among customers, high price structure, lack of access to the best raw materials or natural resources, and worst, lack of access to strong distribution channels. Take the case in which a firm has a large amount of manufacturing capacity. While this ability may be considered as a strength that competitors do not share, it also may be a considered as a weakness if the large investment in manufacturing capacity hinderss the firm from reacting quickly to shifts or fluctuations in the marketplace. Furthermore, opportunities may mean income and growth; like, a wanting in customer need, invention of new technologies, loosening of legal hindrances and lifting of international business hurdles. Moreover, threats are the present and intervening factors in the external environment; like changes in consumer tastes deviating from the firms product lines, introduction of rival products, new legalities and regulations, and further increase in trade barriers. Any company should not singly invest into very encouraging opportunities. Rather, it should have the caution and prescience to better understanding and analysis of a doable course of action to gain that competitive advantage by determining a blend between the companys strengths and upcoming opportunities. S-O strategies run after chances that are a good addition to the companys strengths. W-O strategies fiscalize weaknesses to run after opportunities. S-T strategies map out ways that the firm can use its strengths to minimize its exposure to external threats. W-T strategies create a defensive plan to protect the firms weak spots from making it highly exposed to outside threats. Another tool used to scan the environment in the business field is the PEST Analysis. This is a sophisticated external macro-environment probing that manifest how firm processing can be expressed in terms of the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors. Oftentimes, the acronym PEST (is made as STEP) is employed to describe a framework for the synthesis of macro-environmental factors. Political factors are government laws and legal issues and ascribe both formal and informal rules in which the firm must worklike tax policies, employment measures, environmental ordinances, trade barriers and taxes, and political instability. Economic factors include the purchasing power of prospective customers and the firms capitallike economic improvement, interest rates, exchange and inflation rates. Social factors involve the demographic and cultural facets of the outside macro-environment. These factors have direct effect on customer needs and the size of potential market bases like health consciousness, growth of population, age brackets, career paths, and consciousness on safety. Finally, technological factors can lower if not eliminate barriers to entry, cut the minimum efficient production stages, and highly affect outsourcing decisions; like, RD activity, automation schemes, technological incentives, and rate of technological change. In order to appraise, analyze and assess finished activities which will eventually create a companys competitive edge, a chain of value-creating activities must be in place. Michael Porter outlined a set of many generic activities common to a wide range of firms. Accordingly, the objective of such activities is to foster worth that exceeds the cost of providing the product or service. In consequence, this will generate profits as customers want worth congruent to costs. Everyone wants worth as tantamount to price so such value-creating activities is a very good psychology applied to business. If only all businesses employ this action plan, then what a better consumer base they create and a whole lot happier people they would account in their following. Another concern tackles inbound logistics which embraces the receipt, warehousing, and inventory of company input and output materials; operations are the value-creating tasks that transform the inputs into the finished product or outcome; outbound logistics are responsible for the finished product to reach the customer, including but not limited to warehousing, delivery and the like. Marketing sales are any effortstangible or not, direct or indirect, intentional or by chance-are those activities that have something to do with getting consumers to buy the product, channel selection, advertising, pricing, and much more. Service activities are those of maintenance and enhancing effect to the product value inclusive of customer support, repair services, etc. All of these vital activities are effective in developing companys competitive advantage. Logistics, as we all know, are crucial and vital for a contracting company to to distribute services, while service activities are the main focus for a company that offers on-site maintenance contracts for office supplies and machines. In addition, there are also at least four generic areas of support activities ensuring firm sustainability in the business shark-infested watersamong others, procurement, technology development, human resource management, and firm. Procurement entails the role of buying the raw materials and other essentials in the value-creating undertakings. Technology development includes studies and development, process machination, and other technology gadgets used to enhance the value-chain activities. Human Resource Management, are the tasks that include recruitement, enrichment, and just compensation of workers. Firm infrastructures are those activities of the finance, legal, quality, and management departments. Support activities are termed as overhead but some firms have sparingly used them to maintain a competitive advantage. For example, a company can do outreach works, medical missions, gift-giving to indigents, of renovation of a neglected public hospital. This can also take the forms of donating to a charity, to a depressed area because of typhoons, floods, or quake-shaken areas. These activities require definition, linkages, and coordination between and among partner companies, with the consent and knowledge of the customer base. Sufficient and effective media publishing through print, broadcast or satellite means can be employed to maximize efforts to establish such elusive state of companys competitive edge. It is a matter of concerted effort, a must-have if companies h ave to outlive and outdo competitors. A perfect grasp of interdependence and mutual benefit must be clear to make all strategies work for the betterment of the organization. If support is not totally ensured, then at least, majority of suppliers, advertisers, as well as the general public are involved. If response is not favorable, then executives have to do some side stepping, even taking back alleys so the companys goals will be served. If executives back out, then, what a pity to the organization. A company needs a sure-fire executive in the face of uncertainties. Hence, executives must see a rundown of these activities before implementation. That is why there is what we call value system. Great companies have very strong value systems that new hires would either subscribe to it or leave it. There is simply no half-way house in these great companies. In exchange, they offer palatable salaries, fringes, and other opportunities of growth-monetary, career or physical growth. In closing, strategies are useless unless acted upon, applied, or animated to make the company prosper side by side with competitive edge. With the fangs of globalization threatening to devour the weak and unprepared, executives of the 21st Century has many assignments to do. These begin from mapping out a vision, a mission, then the strategies needed to make these dreams come into fruition. Gone were the days when companies would only wait for customers to take their products because of limited choice or monopoly. Today, more than any era of the past, business is very precarious and risky. Hard earned capitals are washed away overnight once investment is not done with caution, sustainability and competitive edge. Only those who have the edge would survive. Application: The Coca Cola Bottling Company: Coca Cola soft drink was nothing but a local concoction in America. It was concocted by Dr. John S. Pemberta in Atlanta, Georgia. Frank Robinson, bookkeeper, suggested the name and crafted it in free hand script which stood the odds of changes till this very day. From a local drink, the founders of the company planned to market it on statewide scale. Their ploy is to give its package a handsome look so it would appeal to skeptical drinkers. The design of the brand name has been a consistent pattern to make sure the name will be associated with thirst quenching. Their marketers are very aggressive and effective that very soon after their debut in the drinking arena they salvaged the prime spot in the soft drink industry. They arrogate to themselves the saying, Get Ready for Tomorrow Today,-their corporate way of positioning. Their perspective to be global came into reality, riding in that slogan, Open Happiness! They convince people through ads that Coca Cola can refresh the world, can inspire to make people optimistic. In other words, they exist to make a difference. And then their advertisements are apt for specific seasons. During winter time, they show Santa Claus merrily dash through the skies as he drinks coca cola in his chariot on reindeers. During summertime, the theme, red hot summer is bannered on company sponsored parties. Before the competition could catch up, Coca Cola also introduces hundreds of other delights in its product line. But a wit may ask, how do they capitalize on their strengths, and address their weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, including antagonisms from politics, economy, society, and technology? They look ahead. They analyze trends that shape business in the future and adjust accordingly for whats to take place. Coca Cola was abreast with the Y2K scare along with giants in the business world. Hence, they won together with their bottling partners and financing allies. Concerning the current global crisis, the company is not at all hampered by leaps and bounds because it is consumer-based. The company applies core values on leadership (the resolve to create a better future), collaboration (collective ingenuity), integrity (being real), accountability (or responsibility), passion (heart-mind commitment), diversity (create more and more), and quality (doing well) as its anchor in its vision 2020. In addition, even their managers get out into the market and listen. They observe and learn. Coca Cola people possess a world view and they are curious to sift whats new. And lest we forget: They remain constructively discontent on their achievements, new markets and prospects. They are a cool bunch with a singular vision: To refresh the world. Sources: The Coca Cola Company 2009. Year in Review. Web. Retrieved 21 October 2010 from http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html Questions and Answers from Yahoo.com 2008 Web. Retrieved 21 October 2010 from http://www.righthealth.com/topic/Who_Invented_Coca_Cola Bradford, Robert W., Duncan, Peter J., Tarcy, Brian, Simplified Strategic Planning: A No-Nonsense Guide for Busy People Who Want Results Fast! Available from: http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/. [10 October, 2010]. Heil, Karl 2010. Strategy in the Global Environment. Available from: . [10 October, 2010]. Geus, Arie de 1997. The Living Company. Available from: http://www.ariedegeus.com/ and [10 October, 2010]. Jarvis, Chris 2005. Business Open Learning Archive. Available from: . [10 October, 2010]. Quickmba.com 2010. Strategic Management. Available from: http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/. [10 October, 2010]. Quickmba.com 2010. Strategic Management. Available from: . [10 October, 2010]. Wikipedia.org computer software 2009. Available from: [10 October, 2010].

Dijkstra Paper

(A Look Back at) Go To Statement Considered Harmful Edsger Dijkstra wrote a Letter to the Editor of Communications in 1968, criticizing the excessive use of the go to statement in programming languages. Instead, he encouraged his fellow computer scientists to consider structured programming. The letter, originally entitled â€Å"A Case Against the Goto Statement,† was published in the March 1968 issue under the headline â€Å"Go To Statement Considered Harmful. † It would become the most legendary CACM â€Å"Letter† of all time; â€Å"Considered Harmful† would develop into an iconic catch-all.Dijkstra’s comments sparked an editorial debate that spanned these pages for over 20 years. In honor of the occasion, we republish here the original letter that started it all. Editor: For a number of years I have been familiar with the observation that the quality of programmers is a decreasing function of the density of go to statements in the programs they p roduce. More recently I discovered why the use of the go to statement has such disastrous effects, and I became convinced that the go to statement should be abolished from all â€Å"higher level† programming languages (i. e. verything except, perhaps, plain machine code). At that time I did not attach too much importance to this discovery; I now submit my considerations for publication because in very recent discussions in which the subject turned up, I have been urged to do so. My first remark is that, although the programmer’s activity ends when he has constructed a correct program, the process taking place under control of his program is the true subject matter of his activity, for it is this process that has to accomplish the desired effect; it is this process that in its dynamic behavior has to satisfy the desired specifications.Yet, once the program has been made, the â€Å"making† of the corresponding process is delegated to the machine. My second remark is that our intellectual powers are rather geared to master static relations and that our powers to visualize processes evolving in time are relatively poorly developed. For that reason we should do (as wise programmers aware of our limitations) our utmost to shorten the conceptual gap between the static program and the dynamic process, to make the correspondence between the program (spread out in text space) and the process (spread out in time) as trivial as possible.Let us now consider how we can characterize the progress of a process. (You may think about this question in a very concrete manner: suppose that a process, considered as a time succession of actions, is stopped after an arbitrary action, what data do we have to fix in order that we can redo the process until the very same point? ) If the program text is a pure concatenation of, say, assignment statements (for the purpose of this discussion regarded as the descriptions of single actions) it is sufficient to point in th e program text to a point between two successive action descriptions. In the absence of go to statements I can permit myself the syntactic ambiguity in the last three words of the previous sentence: if we parse them as â€Å"successive (action descriptions) â€Å"we mean successive in text space; if we parse as â€Å"(successive action) descriptions† we mean successive in time. ) Let us 7 PAUL WATSON COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 Forum call such a pointer to a suitable place in the text a â€Å"textual index. † When we include conditional clauses (if B then A), alternative clauses (if B then A1 else A2), choice clauses as introduced by C.A. R. Hoare (case[i] of (A1, A2, †¦ , An)), or conditional expressions as introduced by J. McCarthy (B1__ >E1, B2 __ E2, †¦ , Bn __ > > En), the fact remains that the progress of the process remains characterized by a single textual index. As soon as we include in our language procedures we must admi t that a single textual index is no longer sufficient. In the case that a textual index points to the interior of a procedure body the dynamic progress is only characterized when we also give to which call of the procedure we refer.With the inclusion of procedures we can characterize the progress of the process via a sequence of textual indices, the length of this sequence being equal to the dynamic depth of procedure calling. Let us now consider repetition clauses (like, while B repeat A or repeat A until B). Logically speaking, such clauses are now superfluous, because we can express repetition with the aid of recursive procedures. For reasons of realism I don’t wish to exclude them: on the one hand, repetition clauses can be implemented quite comfortably with present day finite equipment; on the other hand, the reasoning pattern known as â€Å"induction† makes us well quipped to retain our intellectual grasp on the processes generated by repetition clauses. With the inclusion of the repetition clauses 8 textual indices are no longer sufficient to describe the dynamic progress of the process. With each entry into a repetition clause, however, we can associate a socalled â€Å"dynamic index,† inexorably counting the ordinal number of the corresponding current repetition. As repetition clauses (just as procedure calls) may be applied nestedly, we find that now the progress of the process can always be uniquely characterized by a (mixed) sequence of textual and/or dynamic indices.The main point is that the values of these indices are outside programmer’s control; they are generated (either by the write-up of his program or by the dynamic evolution of the process) whether he wishes or not. They provide independent coordinates in which to describe the progress of the process. Why do we need such independent coordinates? The reason is—and this seems to be inherent to sequential processes—that we can interpret the value of a variable only with respect to the progress of the process.If we wish to count the number, n say, of people in an initially empty room, we can achieve this by increasing n by one whenever we see someone entering the room. In the inbetween moment that we have observed someone entering the room but have not yet performed the subsequent increase of n, its value equals the number of people in the room minus one! The unbridled use of the go to statement has an immediate consequence that it becomes terribly hard to find a meaningful set of coordinates in which to describe he process progress. Usually, people take into account as well the values of some well chosen variables, but this is out of the question because it is relative to the progress that the meaning of these values is to be understood! With the go to statement one can, of course, still describe the progress uniquely by a counter counting the number of actions performed since program start (viz. a kind of normalized clock). Th e difficulty is that such a coordinate, although unique, is utterly unhelpful.In such a coordinate system it becomes an extremely complicated affair to define all those points of progress where, say, n equals the number of persons in the room minus one! The go to statement as it stands is just too primitive; it is too much an invitation to make a mess of one’s program. One can regard and appreciate the clauses considered as bridling its use. I do not claim that the clauses mentioned are exhaustive in the sense that they will satisfy all needs, but whatever clauses are suggested (e. g. bortion clauses) they should satisfy the requirement that a programmer independent coordinate system can be maintained to describe the process in a helpful and manageable way. It is hard to end this with a fair acknowledgment. Am I to judge by whom my thinking has been influenced? It is fairly obvious that I am not uninfluenced by Peter Landin and Christopher Strachey. Finally I should like to r ecord (as I remember it quite distinctly) how Heinz Zemanek at the pre-ALGOL meeting in early 1959 in Copenhagen quite explic- January 2008/Vol. 1, No. 1 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM itly expressed his doubts whether the go to statement should be treated on equal syntactic footing with the assignment statement. To a modest extent I blame myself for not having then drawn the consequences of his remark. The remark about the undesirability of the go to statement is far from new. I remember having read the explicit recommendation to restrict the use of the go to statement to alarm exits, but I have not been able to trace it; presumably, it has been made by C. A. R. Hoare. In [1, Sec. 3. . 1. ] Wirth and Hoare together make a remark in the same direction in motivating the case construction: â€Å"Like the conditional, it mirrors the dynamic structure of a program more clearly than go to statements and switches, and it eliminates the need for introducing a large number of labels in the prog ram. † In [2] Guiseppe Jacopini seems to have proved the (logical) superfluousness of the go to statement. The exercise to translate an arbitrary flow diagram more or less mechanically into a jumpless one, however, is not to be recommended.Then the resulting flow diagram cannot be expected to be more transparent than the original one. REFERENCES 1. Wirth, Niklaus, and Hoare, C. A. R. A contribution to the development of ALGOL. Comm. ACM 9 (June 1966), 413–432. 2. Bohn, Corrado, and Jacopini, Guiseppe. Flow Diagrams, Turing machines and languages with only two formation rules. Comm. ACM 9 (May 1966) 366–371. Coming Next Month in COMMUNICATIONS Alternate Reality Gaming IT Diffusion in Developing Countries Are People Biased in their Use of Search Engines?The Factors that Affect Knowledge-Sharing Behavior Alternative Scenarios to the â€Å"Banner† Years Municipal Broadband Wireless Networks The Myths and Truths about Wireless Security Managing Large Collection s of Data Mining Models Women and Men in IT: Alike or Different? EDSGER W. DIJKSTRA Technological University Eindhoven, The Netherlands Communications of the ACM March 1968, Vol. 11, No. 3, pg 147 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 9